French Landscape Heritage in the Urban Greening Process of Vietnam: The Case of Hanoi and Saigon

Abstract

This paper analyses the role of French colonial landscape heritage in shaping and promoting the urban greening process in Vietnam, focusing on two representative cases: Hanoi and Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City). Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines urban history, landscape architecture, and heritage conservation, the study draws on historical maps, archival documents, and previous research to identify the specific contributions of the  French colonial administration in introducing the concept of public parks, planning tree– lined boulevards, and establishing urban green space systems in Vietnam. The findings reveal that the French not only transformed and designed the spatial structure of these two cities but also laid the foundation for a sustainable green space network that has been preserved, adapted, and further developed in the post–colonial period. French landscape heritage – from century–old tree–lined avenues to historic gardens and parks – has become an integral part of urban identity and ecological infrastructure. Therefore, the study aims to provide a more comprehensive perspective on urban landscape heritage, while emphasizing the importance of preserving and enhancing the value of precious green spaces to achieve sustainable, human– centered cities that are resilient to climate change.